Causes And Effects Of Air Pollution

When air gets polluted with dust, smoke, motor vehicles, mills and factories etc. is called air pollution. We know that air is an important element of our environment. But it is a matter of great regret that it is being polluted day by day in different reasons. Causes of Air pollution:There are different kinds of reasons of air pollution. The causes of air pollution are described below.1. Using poison in agriculture: In agricultural sectors, farmers often use insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers etc. These get mixed with air and causes air pollution. Besides, Ammonia is a very common by product from agriculture related activities and is one of the most hazardous gases in the atmosphere. âž ¢ Air Pollution-Paragraph2. Burning of Fossil Fuels: Burning of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles is one the major causes of air pollution. Smoke emitting from vehicles like buses, trucks, jeeps, cars, trains, airplanes etc. causes air pollution.3. Industrial sm oke: In mills and factories, large amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and chemicals is emitted that causes air pollution. It is true that mills and factories can be found at every corner of the world that cause a huge amount of harmful gases that are the major causes of air pollution.4. Indoor activities: Different kinds of household activities like cleaning products, washing, painting etc. emit different kinds of toxic chemicals in the air and cause air pollution.Effects of Air pollution: There are different kinds of negative and harmful effects of air pollution. The effects of air pollution are described below.1. Global warming: Air pollution causes global warming in a great scale. With  increased temperatures world wide, increase in sea levels and melting of ice from colder regions and icebergs, displacement and loss of habitat have already signaled an impending disaster if actions for preservation and normalization aren't undertaken soon.2. Causes dise ases: The effects of Air pollution are very harmful for health. It causes different kinds of respiratory diseases like heart attack, Cancer, bronchitis etc. Every year millions of people of all over the world die due to direct or indirect effects of air pollution.3. Acid Rain:Acid raining is another effects of air pollution. Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. When it rains, the water droplets combines with these air pollutants, becomes acidic and then falls on the ground in the form of acid rain. Acid rain can cause great damage to human, animals and crops.4. Depletion of Ozone layer:Air pollution depletes Ozone layer. Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer will go thin, it w ill emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and eye related problems. UV rays also have the capability to affect crops.5. Harms to the wild life:Air pollution harms the wilderness. Humans and animals face a lot of devastating effects due to air pollution. Toxic chemicals present in the air can force wildlife species to move to new place and change their habitat. The toxic pollutants deposit over the surface of the water and can also affect sea animals.6. Depletion of Ozone layer:Air pollution depletes Ozone layer. Ozone exists in earth’s stratosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.  Earth’s ozone layer is depleting due to the presence of chlorofluorocarbons, hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. As ozone layer will go thin, it will emit harmful rays back on earth and can cause skin and eye related problems. UV rays also have the capability to affect crops.Conclusion:In the long run, it can be said that it is the right time to protect air pollution. To create a better place to live in for the human being and wilderness we have stop air pollution.

College Is A Waste of Time and Money Essay

Maybe it’s my age or my personality, but I really haven’t enjoyed many of the stories that we have had to read. To me, there is an extreme amount of negativity in them, especially in the titles. I think it would have been more interesting and relevant to read a current article on this subject, and not something written in 1975. While the basics are still in play, there have been a lot of changes over the years. The most notable difference would be the demographics that make up today’s student body. As an older, non-traditional student, I don’t consider it a waste of time or money, and I don’t think many others feel that way. There are so many people who would love to go to college, but are unable to for some reason. Although, I’m not familiar with how young people look at college today, I think a significant number likely look forward to the opportunity. I do agree with many of Ms. Birds findings. I don’t believe anyone should be force d to go to college. It should be entirely up to each individual. We still see many parents pushing their kids to continue their education, and often for good reason, but if the child doesn’t want to go, it should be their decision. At the age of 18, many are too young and confused, and don’t know what they want to do with their life. It’s also nice to have a break after 13 years of school. We will always have kids who will rebel, just for the sake of rebelling. I think a main cause of this for many students is too much pressure. They have all these standards to live up to, whether it comes from their parents, their siblings, other family members, or society. Some may take that rebellious attitude because they have trouble learning, and they don’t want anyone to know. They would prefer to look like a rebel than to look like a retard. I also agree with the lack of quality teachers, and being required to take many classes that have nothing at all to do with your major. A couple of years ago, I had an in-class accounting teacher who just read to us from the book. I’m thinking I’m coming here and paying for someone to read to me, I can read all by myself, I am looking for someone to teach me. My main focus is getting a degree, but I also truly enjoy learning. I definitely agree with her on college being too expensive. I think she would be shocked to see today’s prices, and I would be very interested to know what textbooks and tuition cost in her day. The kids back  then had some fear of campus violence. But horrors, like the Kent State shooting, were not the norm. Today, we are always seeing campus shootings. Although these seem to have become a way of life and can happen anywhere, it’s still quite scary for the students and may actually have the opposite effect of parents wanting to send their kids off to college. It also seems that hazing has gotten out of control on our campuses. Unfortunately, there is just such an overwhelming hatefulness in our world. There is another factor that may play into a lack of desire to go on to college. They can look at the many success stories of people who didn’t go to college, some who never even completed high school. These folks used hard work to become millionaires and billionaires. I think some people are more successful because of their charismatic personalities, which has nothing to do with their ability or their intelligence. The article I have included with my essay bot h contradicts and agrees with Ms. Birds perceptions. The traditional white male students must feel that college is a waste of time and money, but they are in the minority.

Global marketing strategy and product launch Essay - 1

Global marketing strategy and product launch - Essay Example The report concludes by highlighting the possible problems likely to be encountered in the expansions and goes further in giving the recommendations on the overcoming these challenges. AUDIT Company background Tesco PLC is one of the leading companies among the food retailers in United Kingdom with a market share of 15% , the company not only sell food items but also other products including clothing, housewares , alcoholic beverages and gasoline. This company has its major markets in United Kingdom, Wales and Scotland where it has over 550 supermarkets where about 250 are superstores, it also operate in other countries under the various brands and a major independent gasoline provider in United Kingdom and because of its expansions of its operations and market it has emerged to be among the top multinational companies in United Kingdom. Tesco Stores limited was found in 1932 and has grew rapidly and for a number of decades it has grew rapidly, this was attributed by the acquisition of various grocery chains and the development of superstores which offered a variety of food and other non-food goods which were relatively less expensive. During 1970s the company has a slow because of the intense competition from other companies like J.Sainsbury PLC. There were price wars between the two Companies and this led to many small retailers driven out of the market, the strategies applied were mainly to win customer trust and loyalty. In 1983 it change its name to Tesco PLC and thereafter collaborated with Marks % Spencer and developed major shopping centres across other cities outside United Kingdom as well as launching of new products. In 1990s the company concentrated on the acquisition of new markets and development of new products and services, it expanded into the various countries by taking over and merging with other companies. The company aims at building a multinational empire in Europe by developing new and innovative products and services and to further seek opportunities to expand into overseas countries and markets. The more recent developments and innovations by the company include the introduction of Clubcard loyalty card, Tesco Visa card, Tesco saving accounts, Tesco personal Finance and the launching of its brands and products in the newly acquired and developed markets all these are aiming at consolidating the company hence ensuring that it has enough strength to venture in launching of new products and markets. Environmental analysis There are several factors which have led to Tecso PLC to consider in venturing and launching its operations in overseas markets notably are the business environmental factors which. This analysis is the evaluation of the Company external analysis comprising threats and opportunities and five business environmental dimensions are involved, these areas of dimensions include economic, legal-political, social cultural, technological and the future certainty. Economic These are the economic trends that h ave influence Tecso PLC to consider venturing in the in expansion to overseas markets, these factors that are comprises the target market includes: better terms of interest rates in the target market; higher economic growth rate, per capita income and disposable income; availability of a wider sources of power energy; lower and moderate rates of inflation and where there is moderate levels of employment in order to easily acquire

Themes of the stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Themes of the stories - Essay Example The family of Aoyagi, the beautiful girl, lived alone deep in the forest far from the eyes of human beings. During Tomotada’s journey in a winter season is the only occasion that the family is seen by a mortal. Little do we know that the three are not human beings but trees. Only after the marriage between Aoyagi and Tomotada is when we decipher that Aoyagi was a tree after she concedes the truth to her husband before her death. Moreover, we later find out that even the parents were not human as Tomotada’s second journey to the home of Aoyagi’s parents reveals the humble aboard had disappeared and in its place stumps of three trees, a young and two old trees. Consequently, Aoyagi’s body disappeared in a strange manner when she was dying as it dissolved into the ground. Consequently, the themes of uncanny and paranormal can be deciphered from the story of Aoyagi. The strangeness of a human form being a tree hardly strikes Tomotada’s mind when he sets his eyes on Aoyagi and also when she dies and eventually disappears on the floor. The ancient Japanese culture was not characterized by strange beings and thus this proves to be a paranormal instance that seems very unreal in the eyes of the courageous samurai. Uncanny is a theme, which represents an occasion when an individual or an object can be familiar yet unrecognizable and strange at the same time. The bravery of Tomotada in fighting for Aoyagi shows a tale of courage and love. The samurai shows great courage when he sets to travel to Hosokawa Masamoto on a private mission at the tender age of twenty in a season characterized by heavy snow and wind. These weather conditions would have put his life at risk. Due to the extreme weather, he takes refuge in Aoyagi’s home, only for him to encounter the beautiful girl. He eventually falls in love with herrl and asks her parent’s for her hand in marriage. According to the Japanese culture, a samurai was not supposed to marry without the

Cloning Devices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cloning Devices - Research Paper Example In this scenario, IBM compatible computers can be considered as an excellent example of computer cloning for the reason that they are a clones of IBM's original machines. In addition, the Compaq portable is known as the first IBM clone (TechTerms, 2013; Computer Hope, 2013). The history of the "cloning" can be traced back to mid-1980s when it was first used to define Windows-based or DOS (disk operating system) computers developed by organizations other than IBM. In this scenario, the machines developed by the third parties were referred to as "IBM compatible" or "IBM clones," computers. The reason for using the term clone to describe these computers was that these computers worked accurately in the same way as the ones developed by IBM Corporation. In fact, these machines ran the same software and used the same hardware as was used in their original versions. Additionally, PC clones are still useful and are built frequently. In addition, now the trend of making clones has attained t o an extensive growth and more than dozens of development firms have already working in this domain. For instance, some of the well-known firms such as Dell, HP, Gateway, Sony and Compaq as well as many other manufacturers all make Windows-based computers. In fact, the trend of using clones has also increased to a huge extent. For instance, PCs (personal computers) are actually used to refer to the IBM clones. Up till now, the concept of cloning was used in the context of hardware however the term "clone" can also be utilized to express software that is built for the same purpose as another more typical software program. In fact, the term cloning can be used for a variety of types such as electronic devices excluding computers that work similar to other electronics (TechTerms, 2013; The SCO Group, Inc., 2004). The research has shown that the development of a clone provides a variety of advantages. Some of the common uses of cloning are outlined below: Reinstatement of computer after a crash Without a doubt, a clone of boot drive is believed to be a critical tool for retrieval from a state that occurs due to a system crash or failure. If a person or a company does not develop a clone, then the recovery from a system crash or failure can take a lot of time (i.e. from a few hours to a few weeks), even though they have implemented a proper back up plan. Basically, the development of a bootable clone allows the company to clone a variety of bootable files which encompass programs (normally), system operating system, user settings, and a variety of updates, software customizations, passwords, and many more. Even though an organization has made sure that all its applications and programs are available on readily-available optical disc, they can still take days to load again, configure and update everything. On the other hand, if the firm or an individual has developed a latest bootable clone, it will require you only a few minutes to get your business or routine acti vities back on the track. Repair of previous operating system or programs after a failed upgrade There are many cases when an individual or an organization attempts to upgrade their operating system or major functions of some critical application and they go extremely off-center, and their computer may fail to perform critical operations. In many cases it happens due to inefficiency of a hardware component that is required to support an upgraded component

The Bernie Madoff Scandal Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Bernie Madoff Scandal - Case Study Example This paper illustrates that the Bernie Madoff Scandal was discovered by one of the Modoffs’ son when Madoff decided to pay up to $7 billion redemptions or bonuses upfront after showing the inability to pay investors. The sons demanded to know the source of the funds and father admitted that his asset management arm of his firm was actually being operated as a Ponzi scheme in which new investments covered returns from the existing or earlier investments and personal wealth. Upon discovering the fraud, the son did what the unexpected and took up the matter with the federal authorities leading to the arrest of Madoff. Madoff revealed that he had run the scheme for approximately 20 years since the early 1990s. It was discovered that over the years Mr. Madoff was actually using money from new investors to pay returns to old investors creating a pyramid resembling a previous scheme named after Charles Ponzi. Although Mr. Madoff was operating within hedge fund industry, his fund was not a hedge fund, but endowments and foundations after the hedge funds invested heavily with his company. Madoff’s strategy to pay old investors with funds obtained from new investors enables his firm to satisfy the high returns promised to investors despite failure by the old investments to generate any returns. Investors expected that their funds were invested elsewhere by the company to generate returns, but Madoff deposited all the funds in his business account at Chase Manhattan Bank. In order to hide the reality in his company, he creatively came up with false transactions involving falsified SEC filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission and foreign transfers year after year. Modoff’s fraud dealings also most surfaced in 1999 when Harry Markopolos, a financial analyst-whistleblower alerted the securities and commission that his gains were impractical in the financial situation.

Information Technology In Agriculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Technology In Agriculture - Essay Example Information exchange and dissemination, therefore, remain serious constraints on the agricultural production potential in the country. The rapid development and applications of the Internet and other forms of ICTs in the agricultural sector have presented a whole new dimension in the transfer and access of agricultural information, which previously was difficult and expensive to obtain. It is expected that these technologies will improve communication and provision of agricultural information among agricultural researchers, extension workers and other actors involved in research and extension. Through the application of ICTs, free flow of information would be enhanced and this could facilitate the adoption of agricultural technologies ultimately improving agricultural productivity in the country. It should, however, be noted that for ICTs to improve the provision of agricultural information other inputs and/or conditions such as skill development, policy, and regulatory framework, and conducive infrastructure is necessary (Ajit, 2003). The lack of computer and Internet skills by the majority of workers in the field of agriculture is a major constraint to use of ICTs. Lack of comprehensive national and institutional policy on ICTs is also mentioned as a constraint to diffusion of ICTs in the agricultural sector. In addition, lack of monitoring and evaluation system made it difficult to know the performance, effectiveness, and efficiency of the adopted ICTs and whether they were sustainable in the long run.

Development Aid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Development Aid - Essay Example Such countries began to borrow capital from other well to do rich countries to start developing their own economies and thus began the concept of Development Aid. There has been a lot of monetary transfer between the poor countries and the developed countries with regard to the development aid. Development Aid was made mandatory by the United Nations in the year 1946 to ensure that the countries which were destroyed and affected adversely during the World-War II, to recover from their state. The concept of providing Development Aid was to help the third world countries recover from their poverty and help them come on to the path of progress. Development Aid was meant to be the means of maintaining a peace accord between two rival countries affected by war for quite some time. Development Aid helps countries to develop and progress instead of sliding back into the stages of conflicts and war. Development Aid also termed as foreign aid was meant to promote improvement in economic growth of the third world countries and to bridge the gap between the poor and rich. ... r the domestic economy were taken up by a new breed of development economists who argued that investment in less developed countries could be stimulated by injections of cash from overseas. The logic of this new development theory was simple: investments are determined by savings - and savings are determined by per capita income. Since poor countries have low incomes and accordingly, low savings, they are caught in a 'vicious circle of poverty': they experience a 'low-level equilibrium trap' where higher income does not lead to increased saving but only results in higher population growth. Thus, it was argued, investment financed by foreign aid will dissolve this vicious circle and connect the less developed countries to the virtuous circle of productivity and growth. Pros and Cons Good Governance is the latest term being used for the diplomatic as well as the bilateral issues of Development Aid. Good Governance is a term which is very common amongst the general public with regard to Development Aid; mostly hearing at public speeches or through some media like the television, the newspaper, etc. Good Governance as told is like a diplomatic and bilateral condition in multi aid proposals (O'Neill, 1997). Bilateral issues in multi-aid proposals include the two countries coming to a common understanding between each other, signing some pacts which would have to be followed in the following times after the pacts have been signed. Many people and governments are of the opinion that Good governance is an integral concept and entity to improve the flow of aid thereby proving to be a bolster to the economic growth of a country as well as a means to alleviate poverty from that particular country. Many have different views about good governance which might mean different things

Describe the career that you would like to pursue after earing a Essay

Describe the career that you would like to pursue after earing a graduate degree - Essay Example eet the challenge of growing it from a small mom and pop operation to a thriving global competitor or to become a leader of an already established company where I can put my education and experience to the test in turning it around and bring it to success. I feel this sort of career will not only help my country by helping Korea’s efforts in becoming a world power in the marketplace, but I can help my fellow countrymen in finding strong career fields and skilled career positions, all while I challenge my own skills and abilities. Perhaps some day, I can even serve as a role model for future Koreans struggling to find the way to meet their own life challenges. If I am able to reach my goal, I feel I will have fulfilled my duties to myself, my neighbor and my country all at the same time. While I realize that this sort of endeavor will take time, I also realize that I do not yet have the necessary education or experience this will take. Understanding that the ability to meet large goals such as mine come about from the determined completion of smaller steps targeted toward the same end, I have established several shorter term goals for myself, some of which I have already completed. For example, I attended Kyung Hee University in Seoul, Korea where I majored in International Commerce. I also spent a great deal of time traveling the globe as a means of getting to know various different cultures and their customs. In addition to my education, I’ve also managed to find several business positions in which I have been able to put my education to practical application in furtherance of my primary future objective. I gained a great deal of business experience working for Donald J. Ulrich Associates as an Asian Global Management Analyst. Prior to that position, I held an internship at Hanwha Europe, learning about the European automotive market. Currently, I work for Hyo Seong America Corp., a Korean company that manufactures blower motors. My position within

Case Study #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study #2 - Essay Example Health wise, in their old age, this group of people is susceptible to a variety of ailments that can negatively impact on their welfare. It can be noted that the major problem associated with large quantities of iron in bodies of older people is that it increases the risk of developing chronic diseases that are often life threatening. Conceptually, excess iron in the body has negative impacts in that it can cause chronic diseases among the elderly as stated above. However, it has to be noted that iron plays a very important role in the human body. According to Harmes (N.D.), â€Å"Iron is a mineral used by the body in the production of red blood cells. Specifically, iron is used in the production of haemoglobin which is the main protein in red blood cells and this substance carries oxygen throughout the body.† From this assertion, it can also be seen that without iron, the body will not be able to function properly given that the other parts will have inadequate oxygen. It can be argued that there are many factors, such as gender, health status, iron status, and intake of other dietary factors such as fibre that affect the way the body absorbs iron. In this case study population of the elderly American people, about one-fifth of the total daily iron intake is derived from iron-fortified cereals. However, f urther study is needed to determine which foods, including iron-fortified foods contribute to increased iron levels. Basically, there is need for a fine balance in the levels of iron in the body so as to avoid both risks associated with its inadequacy or its excessive quantities in the body. Given that the elderly are at risk of high iron stores in their bodies, it is recommendable for these elderly persons to consult a physician about their nutritional requirements before they embark on an iron supplementation programme. Consulting a physician first

An event in your life that changed you Essay Example for Free

An event in your life that changed you Essay A new house, new school, and a completely new atmosphere were ahead of my nine-year-old life. I had lived in the same house for what it seemed like forever and had attended the same school since first grade. I knew everyone. From January to December, my calendars were filled with birthday parties I had to attend. Performing in talent shows with my best friends Dezerey, Jasmine, and Nykchasia were a yearly activity at Garden Valley Elementary School. The Robinson Centers summer camp was mandatory for my big sister, Breonna, and me. I was used to familiarities like the Chihuahua that ran to the front of its gate and barked every time I rode past it on my sleek, black rollerblades. Those rollerblades made me feel untouchable, at ease and confident until I had to ride them in a new area, surrounded by new, unfamiliar people. Close to the end of my fourth grade year, my mother told my sister and me that we were moving to Terricina Gold Apartments in Natomas. I did not think it was going to change anything. I was probably a bit excited for what was to come. I can clearly remember my first day at Two Rivers Elementary school being terrified. I believe that was when it first hit me that I was not at home anymore. My comfort zone left was tarnished. I remember having butterflies and feeling as if I was going to faint before I stepped foot onto school grounds. When I got to the blacktop all I could do was stand there in silence. The other kids were standing around in there cliques and it was obvious that the fifth graders controlled the far left gate on the black top. I remember one girl that stood out. She looked larger than life in my eyes. She was bright skinned, tall and everyone seemed to flock to her. She made me feel small without even knowing her. I was having trouble finding my classroom number on the blacktop where my class was supposed to  line up. I completely gave up after a few minutes mainly because I felt so out of place I just wanted to hide. Not to mention I am legally blind and even with my glasses I still cannot see all that well so finding my class line was a far reach for my nine-year old mind. I felt out of place and inferior so I I took it upon myself to run away and hide in the nearest bathroom. I stayed in that bathroom for a while, even after the bell rang. I eventually decided to take a step out of the bathroom and walk to my class. In fourth grade I absolutely did not have any social skills. Many children lived in my new apartments. I envied their large groups of friends and seeing them made me miss my old ones. I could never gather up the courage to talk to anyone. Thankfully, I had my older sister. She is the most outgoing between us and she managed to know everyone in nearly a week of our residency. I eventually met everyone that lived in the apartments but I never felt at ease with them as I did with my old friends. I rode my rollerblades all around those apartments and they made me happy like a piece of home was with me. I never realized that I was in fact an introvert. I suppose I had always been a timid person my mother brings up her memories of my behavior as a child often. I never realized my childhood behavior until now. I remember my mom changing my teachers and being too afraid to walk into the classroom even though I knew the teacher and all the students well. Moving away from my familiarities showed how quiet and unsociable I was. I did not have friends at school until I was well into my seventh grade year. Today, I am on the verge of twenty-years-of-age, and I still have to work on speaking up and being more sociable. Before I had many friends and after I moved, I did not. I believe if I stayed where I lived before I would have been given a sense of security. Looking back, I believe I would not have gained a great number of wonderful friends. My experiences with people in my apartments are always the topic of conversation with my family and friends and they bring on tons of laughs and feelings of embarrassment. I love revisiting my old Natomas neighborhoods and seeing my old friends. We always joke saying TG (Terricina Gold) for life. I guess you can call it a family.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Law Essay Example for Free

Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Law Essay Introduction Our assigned topic deals with a phenomenon that has taken the corporate world by storm rather recently, particularly in Pakistan. It entails the dilemma that every corporation faces when they have to make decisions regarding the firm’s profitability and their corporation’s social responsibility. The term corporate social responsibility came into common use in the late 1960s and early 1970s after many multinational corporations formed the term stakeholder, meaning those on whom an organizations activities have an impact. It was used to describe corporate owners beyond shareholders. The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has developed exponentially in the last decade. Nevertheless, there remains a lingering debate about the legitimacy and value of corporate reaction to CSR concerns. There are different views of the function of the firm in society and disagreement as to whether wealth maximization should be the sole goal of a corporation. An escalating number of shareholders, analysts, regulators, activists, labor unions, employees, community organizations, and news media are asking companies to be accountable for an ever-changing set of CSR issues. There is rising demand for transparency and growing expectations that corporations measure, report, and continuously improve their social, environmental, and economic performance. According to Business for Social Responsibility (BSR), corporate social responsibility is defined as â€Å"achieving commercial success in ways that honor ethical values and respect people, communities, and the natural environment.† Each company is at variance in how it implements corporate social responsibility, if it does so at all. The differences depend on such factors as any particular company’s size, the particular industry involved, the firm’s business culture, stakeholder demands, and how historically progressive the company is in engaging CSR. Some companies focus on a single area, which is regarded as the most important for them or where they have the highest impact or vulnerability—human rights or the environment, for example—while there are others who endeavor to incorporate CSR in each and every one facet of their operations. For successful execution, it is fundamental that the CSR principles are part of the corporations’ values and strategic planning, and that the management and employees, both are committed to them. Furthermore, it is important that the CSR strategy is aligned with the company’s specific corporate objectives and core competencies. As CSR comes into contact with many of the problems conventionally addressed by government, like human rights and community investing, there is strong censure that societal problems are best solved by freely elected government bodies as the resources of a corporation are poorly matched for addressing those social problems, and therefore, it is argued, they should not be misallocated. According to Friedman (1970), in a free society, â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business—to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud.† The idea is that the state should address social problems, supported by the argument that an executive, by taking money and resources that would otherwise go to owners, employees, and costumers, and allocating them according to the will of the minority, and will fail to serve the interests of her or his principal. In this way, the executive imposes a tax and spends the proceeds for â€Å"social† purposes, which is insupportable, since she or he has neither the skills nor the jurisdiction to do so. On the other hand, there are many demands by others for corporate adoption of the CSR principles. Although the government is chiefly responsible for addressing those issues, the contribution of private firms can be substantial. There is also the argument of the shifting balance of power. According to the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), of the 100 largest global economies, as indicated by their respective GDP, 51 of them are US corporations, and only 49 are nation states. So economic supremacy has shifted to the corporations; they, therefore, should have an increasing role in and accountability for addressing social problems. For example, the government sets the regulations and the minimum standards for the workplace, but a company can further improve the work environment and the quality of living of its employees. A firm cannot stay oblivious to the problems of the environment in which it functions. The poverty of a nation state’s citizens, political unrest, and the exhaustion of natural resources can have destructive effects for a corporation. For example, resources that are inputs in the production process and which, at the foundation of the industrial revolution, were plentiful are now scarce, polluted, or diminishing in many regions of the entire planet. As one would expect, this imposes an extra cost to the corporations and may force them to reposition or to cease operations. From one perspective, companies may be poorly equipped to address some of the social or environmental problems, but from another perspective, no matter how poorly equipped, companies may still be best positioned to improve the problems. Undoubtedly, adopting the CSR principles involves costs. These costs might be short term in nature or continuous outflows. They may involve the purchase of new environmentally friendly equipment, the change of management structures, or the implementation of stricter quality controls. Since being socially responsible involves incurring costs, it should generate benefits as well in order to be a sustainable business practice. A corporation could not continue a policy that constantly generates negative cash flows. The shareholders invest their money in a corporation, expecting the highest possible risk adjusted return. Therefore, being socially responsible should have bottom-line benefits in order to be sustainable. Socially responsible corporate performance can be associated with a series of benefits with the final outcome. But in a lot of cases, it seems that the time frame of the costs and benefits can be out of alignment—the costs are in the near future, whereas the benefits are not often realized until long periods of time have lapsed. Nevertheless, many benefits can be identified. Firstly, socially responsible companies have enhanced brand image and reputation. Consumers are often attracted towards brands and companies with good reputations in CSR related issues. Therefore, a corporation’s brand equity is automatically enhanced. A company regarded as socially responsible can also benefit from its reputation within the business community by having increased ability to attract capital and trading partners. However, reputation is hard to quantify and measure; it is even harder to measure how much it increases a company’s value. But since companies have developed methods to measure the benefits of their advertisement campaigns, similar methods can and should be able to be applied in the case of corporate reputation. Socially responsible companies also have less risk of negative rare events. Furthermore, companies that adopt the CSR principles are more transparent and have less risk of bribery and corruption. In addition, they may execute stricter and, thus, more costly quality and environmental controls, but they run less risk of having to bear in mind defective product lines and pay heavy fines for excessive polluting. They also have less risk of negative social events which damage their reputation and cost millions of dollars in information and advertising campaigns. The scandals about child–labor and sweatshops that affect the clothing industry are two fine examples. Thus, socially responsible businesses should have more stable earnings growth and less downside volatility. Since companies that adopt the CSR principles carry less risk, when valuing those companies, a lower discount rate should be used. In the company valuation this lower tail risk should be taken into account. There are also other cases in which doing what is good and responsible converges with doing the best for the particular business. Some CSR initiatives can dramatically reduce operating costs. For example, reducing packaging material or planning the optimum route for delivery trucks not only reduces the environmental impact of a company’s operation, but it also reduces the cost. The process of adopting the CSR principles induces executives to reconsider their business practices and to seek more efficient ways of operating. Companies perceived to have a strong CSR commitment often have an improved ability to attract and to retain employees (Turban Greening 1997), which leads to reduced turnover, recruitment, and training costs. Employees, too, often evaluate their companies CSR performance to determine if their personal values conflict with those of the businesses at which they work. There are many known cases in which employees were asked, under pressure of their supervisors, to overlook written or moral laws in order to achieve higher profits. These practices create a culture of fear in the workplace and harm the employees’ trust, loyalty, and commitment to the company. Companies that improve working conditions and labor practices also experience increased productivity and reduced error rates. Regular controls in the production facilities throughout the world ensure that all the employees work under good conditions and earn living wages. These practices are costly, but the increased productivity of the workers and improved quality of the products generate positive cash flows that cover the associated costs. Thus, firms may actually benefit from socially responsible actions in terms of employee morale and productivity (Moskowitz, 1972). Literature review CSP is a global concept that encompasses those of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Social Responsiveness. It provides a coherent framework to explore business-society relationships by looking at the social impact of corporations with business criteria of performance measurement, such as quality, efficacy, effectiveness, innovation (Carroll, 1991; Wood, 1991). The challenge for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developing countries is framed by a vision that was distilled in 2000 into the Millennium Development Goals—‘a world with less poverty, hunger and disease, greater survival prospects for mothers and their infants, better educated children, equal opportunities for women, and a healthier environment’ (UN, 2006: 3). The penetration of the social realm into corporate strategy has gathered momentum in the last years. The movement for CSR has â€Å"won the battle of ideas† (Crook 2005). By now, most well managed companies have adopted th e practices and certifications mandatory in their industries, having gone through what Zadek (2004) calls the â€Å"defensive† and the â€Å"compliance† stages of CSR. Managing the social and environmental footprint of economic activity is generally accepted as part of the cost of doing business. But much remains to be done. If companies are to move their CSR activities from satisfying behavior and take their commitment to society and the environment to the next level, they will need to rethink their current approaches to CSR, tapping into the creativity of every individual. CSE, like all entrepreneurship, is not about managing existing operations or CSR programs; it is about creating disruptive change in the pursuit of new opportunities. It combines the willingness and desire to create joint economic and social value with the entrepreneurial redesign, systems development, and action necessary to carry it out. Accelerated organizational transformation faces a host of obstacles well-documented in the change management literature. Some people argue that media pressures the corporate managers and directors to behave in ways that are â€Å"socially ac ceptable†. Sometimes this coincides with shareholders’ value maximization, others not (Zinagales, 2002). Although there are several contested notions of what CSR should be and how it should work, there is some agreement upon what it broadly entails. A number of concepts and issues are subsumed under the heading of CSR, including human rights, environmental responsibility, diversity management, sustainability, and philanthropy (Amaeshi Adi, 2006), meaning that it is a complex area with an interdisciplinary focus. It is generally agreed that CSR involves corporations voluntarily exceeding their legal duties to take account of social, economic and environmental impacts of their operations. Consideration of the social, economic and political context demonstrates how CSR forms part of a wider strategic direction being taken internationally with regard to market relations and the pursuit of a range of objectives and goals. The context is in part provided by concerns about the numerous examples of irresponsible behavior on the part of corporations, ranging from colluding with oppressive regimes and in the overthrowing of governments (Alston, 2005) to issues relating to working conditions and the impact of unethical marketing practices (Richter, 2001). Such examples have demonstrated the need for the worst excesses of business to be curbed. The globalised economy is understood to raise important issues for businesses and governments due to changes in patterns of production and consumption. In particular it is noted that the manufacturing of goods is highly mobile (Cassell, 2001:263) and that supply chains are often dispersed in various countries, creating difficulties in terms of legislation and regulation. Moreover, economic globalization presents challenges to the ability of states to protect peoples rights (Cassell, 2001). The notion of corporate social responsibility is part of the third way (Gond Matten, 2007), where the role of the state is now to provide steering for the promotion of social development and social justice (Giddens, 2001: 6). There is increased involvement of the private sector in traditionally statutory provision through privatization and public/private partnerships (Meehan, 2003). Economic policies have created a need for markets and business to self-regulate in order to continue to pursue an international free market economy, but also to ensure sustainability of economic, human and other resources, and of the environment. CSR is seen as a solution to these problems of regulation. The private sector is increasingly seen as a key player in the achievement of many national and international strategic objectives for governments, which is also enabled by CSR. Methodology To gather information, we used secondary research as our main source of information. Various academic journals and internet sources were pursued to cater to the important aspects of the given topic. Moreover, since we thoroughly researched this topic, personal opinions were formed and using those and logic, we justified our opinions accordingly. How can business persons act in an ethically and socially responsible manner and at the same time make profits? Suppose clear-cutting is profitable and legal, but is nonetheless regarded as environmentally irresponsible under prevailing social norms. Can management of a timber corporation decline to clear-cut its timberland even though that sacrifices profits? One might be tempted to evade the question by claiming that being environmentally responsible is profitable in the long run, either because it preserves the forest for future harvesting or because it maintains a public goodwill that aids future sales. But suppose, in an incautious moment, management admits that the present value of those future profits from not clear cutting cannot hope to match the large current profits that clear-cutting would produce. Or, more realistically, suppose a takeover bid by a firm known to clear-cut establishes precisely that proposition by offering far more than the stock price that reflects the current stream of profits. Can management reject the profitable takeover bid on the grounds that it will lead to socially undesirable clear-cutting? The answers to these questions will challenge the canonical law and economics account on corporate social responsibility, which goes something like this. Unless modified by statute, traditional fiduciary duties require corporate managers to further the interests of shareholders, and thus require them to maximize corporate profits subject to the obligation to comply with independent legal constraints. Ethics and social responsibility are very important values in business ventures. This is particularly essential in decision making process. Ethical conscience reminds business persons to make trustworthy and profitable business decisions. Likewise, the social responsibility component requires business persons to make entrepreneurial decisions that can enhance benefits and repelling harms to the stakeholders. The canonical law and economics view holds that corporate managers do and should have a duty to profit-maximize because such conduct is socially efficient given that general legal sanctions do or can redress any harm that corporate or non-corporate businesses inflict on others. If certain conduct imposes excessive harm on others or merits taxation, then an independent law should regulate and impose liability or taxes whether or not the actor is a corporation, and if the conduct does not impose any impermissible harm or merit taxation, then the most socially desirable thing for corporations to do is maximize profits. Other stakeholders could either legally protect themselves by contract with the corporation or have their legal protection provided by judicial gap-filling of such contracts. Part of what makes this account canonical is that it helps define the boundaries of the corporate law field. It leaves corporate law scholars free to ignore issues about any effects the corporation may have on the external world as topics best addressed by other legal fields, and to focus on more tractable models about which corporate rules would maximize shareholder value.

Episiotomy Rates Vary Widely Worldwide

Episiotomy Rates Vary Widely Worldwide Labour is a wondrous act of nature and unique to every childbearing women. It is a transformative and special event in a womens life. It is the magic of creation. The very process of giving birth is the most beautiful one on earth and the mother attains unique capacities and true nobility through childbirth. The onset of motherhood present a unique set of physical, emotional and psychological challenges. Episiotomy is a common surgical procedure performed during second stage of labour. The first performance of episiotomy was done in 1742, when perineal incision was made to facilitate difficult deliveries (Grass, Dunn and stys 1986). It is made both to prevent tearing of the perineum and to release pressure on the fetal head with birth (Lawsan and Bienstock, 2007). It is the only procedure in obstetrics is performed without the patients specific consent. The advantage of an episiotomy is that it substitutes a clean cut for a ragged tear, minimize pressure on the fetal head, and may shorten the last portion of the second stage of labour (Incerpi,2007). Episiotomy rates vary widely worldwide, depending on whether the procedure is used restricvely / routinely. The worldwide episiotomy rate was 27%, 54% are nulliparous and 6% are multiparous women (WHO 2003).Rates vary from 8% in the Netherlands,13% in England to 25% in the USA. Among English speaking countries, the US had the highest episiotomy rate, varying greatly from region to region. One in three mothers who delivered vaginally in the U.S from 1995 to 2003 had episiotomies. In India the birth rate is very high 56% of women had an episiotomy compared to the 46% of white women. The difference between these percentage (10%) is measure of the excess frequency of episiotomy in Indian women. According to the American college of Obstetrics and Gyenaecology, approximately one in three women having a vaginal delivery also have an episiotomy. Approximately 70% of women with a vaginal birth experienced some degree of damage to the perineum due to tear (or) episiotomy and needed stitches. Like any other surgical incision, episiotomy results in some discomforts for most of postpartum patients (Hill,2000). Although relatively small in size, episiotomy sutures can cause considerable discomfort, because the perineum is an extremely tender area and the muscles of the perineum are involved in so many activities such as sitting, squatting ,bending ,urinating and defecating. Even without episiotomy women may experience bruising / tearing in the perineum. This is the most common source of infection in the days after giving birth. Various interventions are found to reduce episiotomy wound infection and enhance the healing process which include administration of antibiotics, cleanliness, topical application of ointments, infra red therapy, sitz bath, performance of kegals exercise and perineal care (Helen et.al 2009). In addition complementary therapy is another great aid to perineal healing. In recent years it has been seen that there has been a shift people from allopathy medicine to complementary medicine. The shift may be because people are becoming more conscious of their health and realize the need of holistic health. Quality of life is felt more important. In 2007 National health interview survey of complementary medicine use by Americans, showed that approximately 38% adults use complementary medicine. A survey by NPS medicine wise in 2008 revealed that 65% of Australians had used one (or) more complementary medicine in the previous 12 months. The term complementary medicine is primarily used to describe practices employed in conjunction with (or) to complement conventional medical treatment. Complementary medicine is sometimes called mind body medicine because it is an approach to healing that uses the power of thought and emotions positively influence physical health ( USA Drug, 2005). Complementary therapies can help to boost the immune system, help eliminate toxins, help relieve pain, improve sleep pattern, increase energy levels, induce sleep relaxation, reduce stress and tension, restore balance to body systems. Lavender oil is one of the complementary medicine. It has a light fresh aroma, is clear in color and watery in viscosity. Lavender has been use continuously for thousands of years, either in the form with lavender water of essential oil / dried flowers. In the 1800s the yardly company in England, realizing the healing properties of lavender , began adding it to their soaps and perfumes. Lavender oil promotes rapid healing and helps to prevent scarring. These remarkable healing properties of lavender were accidently discovered by French chemist Dr. Rene Maurice Gattefosse when he burnt his hand in a laboratory experiment. He instantly plunged it into a nearby bowl of lavender oil and discovered that it stopped throbbing pain and allowed the burn to heal quickly. The therapeutic properties of lavender oil are antiseptic, analgesic,anticonvulsant,antidepressant,antirheumatic,antispasmodic,antiinflammatory,antiviral,bactericidal,sedative,carminative,soothing,hypotensive,decongestant and diuretic. The main effects of lavender are calming, soothing, balancing and normalizing. Lavender can be used to a state of mental and physical imbalances to a state balance in which healing can take place. On the skin, lavender oil tones, revitalizes and it is useful for all types of skin problems such as abscesses, acne, oily skin, boils, burns, sunburns, wound, psoriasis, insect bites, injuries and also acts as an insect repellant. Lavender oil can be used in a sitz bath and it would also have the added benefit of decreasing anxiety in the new mother which povidine iodine does not. Research carried out at Huntingtons Hinchinbrooke Hospital has found that the use of lavender oil in the sitz bath led to greater comfort and improved healing of the perineum between the third and fifth days after delivery. Adding lavender oil to a sitz bath aids in the healing of torn vaginal tissue. It also prevents the formation of excessive scar tissue, according to Margaret Fawcett of Aroma therapist and author of Aromatherapy for pregnancy and childbirth. It is one of the safest essential oil and can be used in full strength on the skin also referred to as neat. The use of lavender oil can be effective in reducing perineal discomfort and promote wound healing following episiotomy. It is being used due to its antiseptic and healing properties. Lavender oil is found as a good choice in treating episiotomy wound healing because of its cell regenerating properties. Need for the Study The postnatal period refers to 6 weeks period after childbirth. The period is popularly termed the fourth trimester of pregnancy. It comprises an amazing variety of complex physiologic and psychological adaptations. Protecting a womenà ¡Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ½s health as these changes occur is important for preserving the future childbearing function and for ensuring that she is physically well enough to incorporate her new child into her family. The physical care a women receives during the postnatal period can influence her health for the rest of her life. The nurses role is vital as she assists the mothers through these adjustments and supports them as they make a fresh start as a new family. Postnatal women are more prone for puerperal infection as a result of episiotomy which can be prevented by proper postnatal care. Approximately 33% of women with vaginal delivery had episiotomy in 2000 (American College of Obstetricians Gynaecologist, 2008). However the prevalence of episiotomy is not the same in different countries, Asian race are presumed to have smaller and tighter perineum so, the routine episiotomy may reduce the risk of Perineal tearing during delivery (lam et.al 2008). Studies about the episiotomy rates around the world showed that this surgery ranged from 9.7% (western Europe-Sweden) to 96.2% (South Africa-Ecuador) with lowest episiotomy rates in English speaking countries (North America Canada united states) and it remained high in many countries (centered south -America like brazil-94.2%, south Africa-63.3% and Asia like China-82%). One study revealed that episiotomy was performed in 97.3% of 510 primiparous women who had vaginal delivery in Tehran (Shojariet.al.2009). Barnabas (July 2012) conducted a study to determine the rate and risk factors for episiotomy at Baptist medical centre, Nigeria. Out of 280 subjects who had vaginal delivery, 96 (34.3%) subjects had episiotomy .The rate of episiotomy decreased with parity. The nulliparous had the highest rate (62.2%). The episiotomy rate among assisted vaginal delivery was 80.0% among those who had spontaneous delivery. Law kw, wong Hs, Pan Tc (2006) were reviewed the use of episiotomy during vaginal delivery in Hongkong puplic hospitals. A prospective observational survey was carried out in total 6222. Women who underwent normal vaginal delivery of a singleton fetus with cephalic presentation of the 6167 women in whom the status of the perineum was known. Episiotomy was performed in 5274 (85.5%). Primiparous women were more likely to undergo episiotomy at delivery than multiparous women (97.9% vs. 71.4%). Several studies suggest that using episiotomy in normal delivery results in fewer perineal laceration and trauma. The episiotomy discomfort and its consequences can affect maternal quality of life as well as the mothers and baby relationship. Like any other surgical procedure episiotomy carries number of risks: excessive blood loss, hematoma formation and infection ( Roberts and Chalmers 1989) S.T Sule and S.D. Shittu ( July 2003) conducted a prospective cohort study to establish the epidemiological variables associated with episiotomies and their puerperal complications at Ahmadu bedlo university teaching hospital Zaria. The result findings suggest that the episiotomy rate was 35.6% of all vaginal deliveries . Episiotomies were significantly associated with primi gravida. The most common puerperal complications of episiotomies was asymmetry (32.9%), infection (23.7%), partial dehiscence (14.5%), hemorrhage (5.3%) and extension of the incision (1.3%). Nahid Arianpour 2009 (June) conducted a descriptive study to determine the bacterial species in postpartum infections at khanevadeh hospital. Postpartum infections among 6077 patients from 2003 till 2008 was studied in this study. In this study out of there different kinds of postpartum infections (i,e genital, breast and urinary tract ). Only genital infection is considered. Postpartum infections among 6077 patients from 2003 till 2008 was studied in this study. In result findings revealed that 7.59% (461 ) patients had postpartum infection, out of which 1.03%(63) patients were re hospitalized. The commonest infection was infection at the site of episiotomy. Kathelin Karla (2005) stated that the routine use of episiotomy harmful to the pelvic floor that creates greater extent of surgical incision and delayed perineal wound healing, compared with no episiotomy group. Continues improvement in quality of care after episiotomy could helps to control the infection and improves episiotomy wound healing. Nurse midwife plays on important role to promote postnatal care , to prevent complication of episiotomy wound earlier and hence force to bring a healthy mother. A well integrated postnatal care has an important role in assessing the transition to physical and psychological well being of the mother and baby . Episiotomy wound care is important for comfort and cleanliness and to prevent infection. Attention should be afforded to episiotomy wound care since it parallels any other wound. One of the suggested method is a regular antiseptic sitz bath. Nowadays using complementary therapies such as essential oils have been recognized in Obstetrics. Mechanism of action of each essential oils is related to its complex active substances .One of the main action of these oils are easy absorption through the skin. The molecule of essential oils are small enough to permeate through the skin barrier. The molecule will be absorbed easily into the skin within 20-40 minutes depending on the chemical nature of the oil. Lavender oil is one of the frequently prescribed essential oil due to its antibacterial, antifungal, sedative, anti depressant and healing properties. Research has been done to evaluate the effect of lavender oil sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing (Katayan Vakilan 2012). This randomized control trial was conducted on 120 primiparous women with singleton pregnancy who had received mediolateral episiotomy during spontaneous delivery. Redness in lavender oil group was significantly less than control group (p Fatemeh Sheikhan (Feb 2012) conducted a study on use of lavender oil essence in primiparous women in Iran. This clinical trial was involved 60 primiparous women. In result the REEDA score was significantly lower in experimental group (lavender group) 3 days after episiotomy (p=0.000). It is suggested that lavender oil essence may be preferably to the use of betadine for episiotomy wound care. Though there are many studies done in various methods of episiotomy healing, only a very few studies are conducted to assess the effectiveness of lavender oil sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing. So the researcher felt the need to evaluate the effectiveness of lavender oil sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers with episiotomy. Statement of the Problem A study to evaluate the effectiveness of lavender oil sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among post natal mothers in government head quarters hospital at kanchipuram. Objectives To assess the level of episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers in experimental and control group. To evaluate the effectiveness of lavender oil sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers in experimental group. To determine the association between the level of episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers with their selected demographic and obstetric variables in experimental and control group. Hypothesis H1-There will be a significant difference between the mean post test level of episiotomy wound healing between experimental and control group. H2- There will be a significant association between the level of episiotomy wound healing with their selected demographic variables among postnatal mothers in experimental and control group. Operational Definition Effectiveness In this study effectiveness refers to the extend to which the lavender oil has produced desirable effect on episiotomy wound healing. Lavender Oil Sitz Bath It is a clean procedure in which the perineal area is immersed in 4 liter of warm water with a temperature of 100 105ËÅ ¡F added with 5 drops of lavender oil for 10-15 minutes thrice a day for 3 days is used. Episiotomy It refers to the surgical incision on the median or right/ left medio lateral aspect of the perineum during second stage of labour to enlarge the vaginal introitus, to facilitate easy and safe delivery. Postnatal Mothers It refers to mothers who have undergone normal vaginal delivery and instrumental delivery with episiotomy. Episiotomy Wound Healing It refers to absence of redness ,edema, ecchymosis , discharge and presence of well approximation of wound as measured by using REEDA scale. Assumption Presence of episiotomy wound may predispose to wound infection. Lavender oil aids in improving the healing of episiotomy wound. Delimitation The study is limited to the postnatal mothers who had normal vaginal and instrumental delivery with episiotomy. The data collection period is limited for six weeks. Projected Outcomes This study will help in assessment of episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers. This study will help to evaluate the effectiveness of lavender oil sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers. This study enables nurses to practice lavender oil sitz bath during postnatal period.

AND MICHEAL PORTE1 : AND MICHEAL PORTE1 :: Business and Management Studies:

AND MICHEAL PORTE1 : AND MICHEAL PORTE1 COMPARISON OF CHARLES HANDY AND MICHEAL PORTER Introduction In the modern age, when nature of management science is changing rapidly, ideas and work of few are helping the organizations and individuals to cope with these changes. They are the people who laid the foundation of modern management studies, and are known as management gurus. Among the few top management gurus Charles Handy and Michael Porter are the one who had the lasting influence on management thought and writing. Both are unique in their own fields in many ways. My aim is to compare and contrast the ideologies, work, and style of these two leading management gurus. Comparison & Contrast Charles Handy is an eminent management guru who has delivered insightful and humorous analysis of the management task for many years .He has developed great thinking and writing on management, arts, culture, business ethics. His writings are inspiring - philosophical, passionate, lively, enlightening Refreshing, thought-provoking, challenging and interesting to read. It gives inspiration, arguments and confidence to many of readers who are feeling beleaguered by the new priorities and agendas facing the arts and management sciences .Charles Handy style is informative, readily accessible, and peppered with personal anecdote and reflection. Many other management thinkers create new models based on empirical research and popularize them as their masterwork but Handy’s research is based on his personal experiences, assessment and observations. He started with his first book, Understanding Organizations (1976, revised 1991) and later in his other book GODS OF MANAGEMENT: THE CHANGING WORK OF ORGANISATIONS (1978) he used Greek gods in order to explain his view in a more simplified form, by doing this he earn a unique style of writing in management literature. In the 1980's he developed his thinking and writing skills , about modern style of living and working, which he explain in his famous book The Age Of Unreason and The Future Of Work(1989), which pioneered new ideas about the value of knowledge and self-determination. Handy's message is that we will not survive unless we respond to the radical way in which the world is changing. Handy was one of the first to identify the end of 'careers for life'. His book, jointly written with John Constable, The Making Of Managers in 1988, criticized the current management style adopted by managers, and advocated radical improvements to, UK management standards, which gave rise to the Management Charter Initiative (which eventually choked on its own bureaucracy). In the 1990's he focused increasingly on ethical and philosophical issues for business and society, as reflected in his collection of observations, like in his article Waiting For The

In Favor of the Network Cap :: Internet Technology Essays

In Favor of the Network Cap Iowa State’s internet administrators had a problem: several computers around campus had been being used as Internet servers for illegitimate data distribution, and these select computers were using a severe amount of bandwidth on the ISU student network. The undeniable fact is that these are students illegally serving copyrighted software and media to people outside the ISU network, and they are taking up an extreme proportion of the network’s available bandwidth. Although this abuse had not yet caused consistent detrimental network problems for many users, the problem was getting worse, and AIT’s network cap decision has halted it. AIT’s 500 megabyte network cap is justified. Warez servers on the ISU campus send out a huge amount of data and slow the network down. We should be greedy about our network speed because our tuition is paying for ISU’s internet connection. It is true that an alternative method, such as filters based on complex data rate monitoring algorithms, might do a better job preventing the warez servers network abuse, and keep many intensive users from protest. But such measures are likely unfeasible, due to limitations of AIT’s network software, and time limitations of AIT network analysts. If the 500 meg cap does indeed cause real problems for a number of legitimate users, investigation of these other methods can be pursued. The 500 megabyte cap was a good and timely solution. Those who disagree with the cap argue that it would affect their legitimate network usage, such as Quake 3 game servers, or people with websites that they serve from their own computers. Instances where these users will actually peak 500 megs in a day are rare, however. Even a moderately trafficked user web site might never send 100 megabytes a day; the simple reality is that 500 megs per day is, 99% of the time, only surpassed when a user is illegally serving a large amount of data such as music, movies, retail software, or pornography to a large audience. This is precisely the user that clogs the bandwidth for those of us who need it to get work done, and this is precisely the type of network abuse that the network cap targets.

Delusions of American Society Exposed in Mind the Gap Essay -- Mind th

Delusions of American Society Exposed in Mind the Gap by Meredith Oakes Mind the Gap, by Meredith Oakes is an ironic play that reflects many of the more undesirable traits of human nature. The play is set in the London Underground, a more or less universal setting. The two main characters are Ginny, the mother, and Lawrence, her son. The tone of the play is set within the first page and the characters are established quickly as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Mind the Gap, Ginny and Larence are riding on a train to get to the psychiatrist's office. He is rebellious and does not want to go or at least, if they have to go, he laments and whines for a car. ("I told you to take the car.") He is being taken to the psychiatrist because in Ginny's eyes, he dresses like a slob, slouches, and sits around. The mother considers appearances to be very important and she is concerned that the son does not live up to her expectations. As they head towards Brixton, arguments ensue and human instinct takes over. The three main points in this play are hypocrisy, irony, and society's emphasis of materialism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Oakes establishes the tone of this play in the first page, when she differentiates between the two different voice volumes of Ginny. This is symbolic in that Ginny is also somewhat two-faced (hypocritical) about her son's behavior. As she switches between the two voice ranges, Emma (a minor character) comments and asks why they are going to Brixton. When Ginny masks the real cause of them going to Brixton, it mirrors how people in life want to feel accepted by society. They feel that they must conform to the social standards set in precedence. Anything different and people become afraid of what they do not know. Now at days, people are... ...olumbine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The nature of this poem is almost satirical in its mocking truth of the lacking side of human nature. In doing so, Mind the Gap can be compared to the absurd play, The Sand Box and the biting one-act of Baby With the Bathwater. The ironies of this story point out the delusional flaws of American society. People are usually in denial of criticisms concerning themselves. Other people's faults are often times so clear to others but their own faults are masked or nonexistent in their eyes. Human nature is a combination of both good and bad. Oakes does a superb job of emphasizing the "bad" side of humanity. Humans are flawed and sometimes, a hero does not exist. In this play, there were no heroes either. However, Oakes is able to transcend that fact and concentrate on the main point of the play: the hypocritical, self-conscious nature of mankind.

Julius Nyerere & African Socialism Essay

Socialism as quoted by Julius Nyerere as â€Å"the attitude of the mind† and often defined as a system of social organizations producing and distributing goods that are owned collectively or by a centralized government that often plans and controls the economy. In a socialistic society it is the attitude of mind, and not the rigid adherence to a standard political pattern, which is needed to ensure that the people care for each other’s welfare. In order to understand African socialism better we need to clearly understand how a society operates. In a socialist society the means of production are owned by the workers rather than by a rich minority of capitalists or functionaries. Such a system of ownership is both collective and individual in nature. Socialism will not be a utopia simply created in people’s minds. It will be the product of economic and social development. Now African socialism is a belief in sharing economic resources in the â€Å"traditional† African way. Many African politicians supported the â€Å"traditional† African way that is often referred as African Socialism. Julius K. Nyerere who was one of them who later became the President of Tanganyika (East Africa) in 1962 and was President of Tanzania (Tanganyika and Zanzibar) from 1964 to 1985. A Socialist and Pan-Africanist, was a force for moderation and racial harmony. He worked in close cooperation with the British authorities in his homeland. However, advocates of African socialism claimed that it was not the opposite of capitalism or a response to it, but something completely different. They claimed their socialism was merely recapturing the spirit of what it was to be African. Many believed that Africa was far behind capitalist states in terms of economic development and to compete fairly with them they needed a different appeal to unite them. German economist Werner Sombart in 1906, in his definition of American Capitalism stated, â€Å"America is the Canaan of capitalism, its promised land. † Capitalism is regarded as an economic system distinguished by private ownership of the means of production and the production of commodities for sale. The modern business corporation is an original creation of the American imagination. It was first fashioned to extend local markets, then, it became an indispensable means to create a national market. Both American industrialization and capitalism were crucially dependent upon the corporate form of organization. Thus arising a political process whereby economic power can become translated into governmental policy. American capitalists had almost a free hand in gaining control of a country unimaginably rich in natural resources. In straight-out contests of strength with both organized and unorganized workers American capitalists usually triumphed. The very philosophy of individualism facilitated the adoption of slavery in the American history. President, Nyerere had to steer a difficult course by the late 1960s Tanzania was one of the world’s poorest countries. Like many others it was suffering from a severe foreign debt burden, a decrease in foreign aid, and a fall in the price of commodities. The objective of socialism in the United Republic of Tanzania is to build a society in which all members have equal rights and equal opportunities, in which all can live in peace with their neighbors without suffering or imposing injustice, being exploited, or exploiting. The nature of Tanzanian society was on rural development. People were encouraged (sometimes forced) to live and work on a co-operative basis in organized villages or ujamaa (meaning ‘family hood’ in Kishwahili). It is important to realize that the policy of ujamaa Vijijini is not intended to be merely a revival of the old settlement schemes under another name. The Ujamaa village is a new conception; â€Å"Understanding that what we need to develop is people, not things, and that people can only develop themselves. † Ujamaa villages are intended to be socialist organizations created by the people, and governed by those who live and work in them. They cannot be created from outside, nor governed from outside. No one can be forced into an Ujamaa village, and no official at any level can go and tell the members of an Ujamaa village what they should do together, and what they should continue to do as individual farmers. According to Julius Kambarage Nyerere â€Å"I have said that a millionaire can be a good socialist. But a socialist millionaire is a rare phenomenon. Indeed he is almost a contradiction in terms. The appearance of millionaires in any society is no proof of its affluence; they can be produced by very poor countries like Tanganyika just as well as by rich countries like the United States of America. † He also goes on to say that a millionaire can be a socialist; he may value his wealth only because it can be used in the service of his fellow men. But the man who uses wealth for the purpose of dominating any of his fellows is a capitalist. On the other hand the white population of the U. S. A. descended from European immigrants who, most energetic and independent elements of their peoples, crossed the ocean to escape oppression, persecution and poverty. From the first settlements on the Eastern coast, with its commercial towns, they gradually expanded over the entire continent, exterminating in continuous fight the Indian natives, clearing the forests, subduing the wilderness, and converting it into cultivated land. American capital soon played the chief role in opening up the Western wilds by digging canals and building railways. Through its friends in Congress it was rewarded for this service to the nation with big allotments for exploitation, paying not more than the bribes, the form by which the politicians got their share of the profits. Founded on the principles of individual liberty and self-determination the nascent United States provided fertile ground for the seeds of Capitalism. Conditions such as slavery, explosive growth in the number of banks, America’s powerful drive to expand its territory, neutral trade during the war between Great Britain and France, and ultimately, the Industrial Revolution enabled American Capitalism to grow into a thriving jungle. Ayn Rand, a Russian-born, American novelist and philosopher says,† America’s abundance was created not by public sacrifices to the common good, but by the productive genius of free men who pursued their own personal interests and the making of their own private fortunes. â€Å"

Extremist Group Essay

Makenssey Brink piece of music Mr. Feudo English 1 Pre-AP sixth 22 April 2010 The Dangers of The Extremes basal concourses go higher up and beyond to get what they want. They go to total measures, bring up up disregarding muckles safety and turning groups against each different to reach their goal. They be a groovy hazard to mankind. Despite the fact that mountain draw the right of free pitch and assembly, the banning of radical groups will demote society beca riding habit they supercharge shun and force-out and turn people against each different. yield reprobate 1) Extremist groups shower abhor all over the groups of people who make up them, and they become relentless in their exertion to do so. (Evidence 1) Anti-choicers harassed George Tillers patients, twenty-four hour period in and day out. They bombed his clinic. They shot him at once before. They fi take lawsuit after lawsuit and even convinced local prosecutors to launch iniquitous investigations a nd trials. (Analysis 1) The Extremist pro-life group attacked the abortion doctor with hate.By harassing his patients and difficult to convince prosecutors to go against him, they set a solid, horrid typeface for former(a)s that do not share the kindred views as Tiller. These hateful attacks ultimately led to Tillers murder by gun at The Reformation Lutheran Church. (Evidence 2) To recruit members and spread its beliefs, the American drift has collaborated with various neo-Nazi and skinhead groups to stage protests and rallies that demonize Jews, blacks, and other minorities. (Analysis 2) Just to try and get members into the group, the Extremist group staged many protests and minorities typeset down many minor groups, They promoted hate into the people who listened to and watched them as they did so, and therefore dispersion the hate all they could. (Example 3) Anti-Semites and racists suck put video-sharing websites, such as YouTube and MySpace Video, an effective su bstance to promote propaganda and hateful material that efficacy not otherwise be seen by the public.Internet users who search video-sharing sites will often run a risk anti-Semitic and racist videos when looking for selective information completely unrelated to the videos due to jerry-built tags and titles that extremists attach to the videos when uploading them to the sites. (Analysis 3) Extremist group are victimization the internet to spread wickedness of other groups worldwide. By doing so, it makes it even easier for them to promote the hate and thence hide the severalize if their website or video is caught. This must be stopped. Topic Sentence 2) Extremist groups use madness in reaching their goals and accent the point they are trying to make. (Example 1) On June 10, 2009, a white supremist who believed it was time to toss remove the Jews took his gun to the final solution museum in Washington, D. C. , and stated shooting upon entering. (Analysis 1) In believi ng he was doing the right thing, this Extremist tried to make his point by attacking the Holocaust victims museum. By attacking this museum, he make a big stand by basically showing with his craze that he supported what happened in the Holocaust. Example 2) ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) has waged a relentless campaign of violence against the Spanish state, targeting politicians, policemen, judges, and soldiers. In 1980 alone, ETA was blamed for 118 deaths, and in 1995 it nearly succeeded in assassinating Jose Maria Aznar, then leader of the opposition, now Spains primeval minister. (Analysis 2) The Extremist group ETA is taking their beliefs to an essential extent. By downing and trying to massacre a respected leader, they are using the violence to try and scare off and weaken their opposition. Example 3) Since 1977, there have been at least 17 attempt murders, 383 death threats, 153 incidents of assault or outpouring and three kidnappings committed against abortion provide rs in North America. (Analysis 3) These are solid facts that make up all of the violence that have taken place from just one Extremist group. The groups form pain and suffering in North America, and they feel as though using violence is one of the simply ways to get their point across. (Topic Sentence 3) Along with all the hate and violence that these groups reate, Extremist groups try tearing people further apart with their actions and words. (Example 1) The Kach movement was to the highest degree famous for its platform calling for the remotion of the entire Israeli-Arab population from Israel and transferring them elsewhere. (Analysis 1) The Jewish defensive structure League is another Extremist group that prizes themselves over all people. By trying to kick the Israeli-Arab population out of their homeland so they can take over, they cause horrible tensions between the people. These tensions would al more or less most certainly lead to more hate and more violence. E xample 2) One man from Brockton, Massachusetts who told police he had well-read on white supremacist websites that a racial extermination was under way against whites is charged with murdering cardinal black people and planning to kill as many Jews as feasible on the day after Obamas inauguration. (Analysis 2) By using the internet as a source to get to people, the Extremist groups have given false information and got what they treasured from it. They scared the man into believing that he was in danger, so he clear-cut to take action and go against the other races. (Example 3)

Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development

L & D Assignment 1: Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development Submitted By Pravin Bang Submitted To, Prof. Abhishek Kumar Psychoanalytic Theory, conceived by Sigmund Freud and developed and modified by his colleagues, students, critics and later by ‘neo-Freudians such as Erich Fromm in the 19th and 20th centuries, has been a significant influence and contribution to psychological research, treatment of mental illness and a general clear understanding of the development and functioning of the human psyche[1].Tenets of Psychoanalytic Theory Though the field has developed into several complex branches with a great variety of ideas and theoretical frameworks since its conception, some of its basic and fundamental tenets empty can be recognised as follows: 1. )Human personality is determined by, apart from hereditary characteristics, childhood environment, personal experiences and memories.It is not a science., is not reached the conscious mind. 3. )The above concept was later evolved into the idea of the Id, Ego and Super Ego, by Freud. Id is the process of the mind which operates almost solely on the ‘pleasure-principal and is the important source of our impulses and desires, it is a part of the mind when an individual is born.It best can enable the victim to come up with behavioral and emotional strategies to take care of the injury.

)Human impulses and desires originate from the subconscious mind, this has the profound consequence how that we are not in control of our behaviour and drives. The main human instinctual drives are sex and aggression.Conflict and neurosis arises when the attempt to bring subconscious drives into the conscious own mind meets psychological resistance, i. e.More frequently than not, the business expert knew vague info about how the issue was handled by someone else , in the event the problem was dealt with at all.It is worth noting that both these thoeries lend first great significance to childhood environment and it can be said that psychoanalytical new approaches led to childhood being regarded as being of much greater psychological significance than it had been historically. Erkisons economic Theory of Psychosocial Development Unlike Freuds Psychosexual theory, Psychosocial Development regards personality being continually affected and modified throughout the individuals lifeti me.Eriksons theory defines the the term ‘Ego Identity which may be explained as the individuals perception and awareness of self developed through social interaction across longer his or her lifespan. Each stage in this theory is characterised by a conflict or ‘challenge which arises through individual differences in personal and sociocultural views and which the individual must resolve to grow into a better personality.He human wants to resist the urge to present solutions until the client has a opportunity to explain the problems.

)Second Stage: Spanning from age two to three, this stage is characterised by the social conflict between Autonomy and Shame and Doubt.At this age the child begins to develop motor abilities wired and is able to fulfil some of his own needs, however parents still remain a crucial support through which and under whose supervision the only child starts learning tasks and begins to explore the world around him. Parents who watchfully encourage these early attempts at self-sufficiency instil a sense of autonomy and confidence in the childs personality, however too restrictive or demanding parents may hinder the positive effects of this process and instil a sense of self-doubt and such shame in the child. .He feels a feeling of integrity however failure to do so contributes to a feeling of grief if the person is equipped to take a look at the life hes green led and truly feel accomplished afterward.d. )Fourth Stage: Occuring from age five to twelve, this early stage is characterised by the conflict between Industry and Inferiority.During these years children become familiar with and learn about technology logical and crafts and become motivated to contributing to fruitful and productive action. During this stage the child develops a sense or cooperation and willingness to â€Å"do it right†.Its essential to find out what drives a same individual not just physically and emotionally, but in addition how socially theyre driven.

Those who receive proper encouragement logical and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self logical and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will good feel insecure and confused about themselves and the future. f. )Sixth Stage: Covering young adulthood from age 20 to 24, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Intimacy and Isolation.Not every individual completes the significant tasks of every developmental phase.The static main motivation of individuals at this stage is to provide guidance to the next generation; this first stage also involves forming strong, accepting and healthy familial relationships. Failure at this stage leads to a feeling of stagnation. h. )Eigth Stage: The final developmental stage, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Integrity and Despair.Folks best can be treated if theyre not treated.

, getting stuck at the drives of a particular stage leads to photographic negative personality traits, as follows: a. Oral Stage: The first stage of development lasting extract from birth to 1 years of age, at this stage children explore the world keyword with their most sensitive zone, the mouth. Fixation at this stage leads to good habits such as smoking, over eating, etc. b.Conversely, they may be cured but not treated.d. )Latency Stage: Lasts from six years of age until puberty, successful resolution of this stage leads to development of social and people skills and ability to build and maintain relationships. e. )Genital Stage: Final developmental stage, lasts from puberty to most of the adult life, successful resolution leads to psychological independence from parents.Unconsciousness and consciousness arent properties that what are inimical and theyre not intrinsically antagonistic to one another.

â€Å"The problem of ego identity†. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 4: 56–121. 3. ) Marcia, James E.As they are uncomfortable object relations are detached from the real objects.Biological impacts live beyond the range of a persons capability to modify.Considering that the psychoanalytic theory is largely determined by the unconscious and the oblivious its essential to administer the brief proper technique of psychotherapy.

Key Logistics Activities and Technologies Related to Logistics

approach Logistics count a study division in our feel. near of the plenty magnate non be in dusted of the magnificence of logistics until in that respect ar problems appear. downstairs the nip of arising matched environment, approximately of the occupation entities ar initiated to focussing on the ontogeny of logistics. Logistics raceerpot be express as the transfers of goods and political campaign from the station of poping era to the eyeshade of consumptions in effect and expeditiously in rig to experience the requisite of the nodes (Logistics macrocosm, n. d. ). Logistics accommo eon the distri hardlyions of sensible fabrics, in-progress inventories, faultless(prenominal)(prenominal) goods and sepapace cereb tramp entropy.Successful logistics en adapted the course entities to hit the hay the goods and lam schemaatic t let emerge ensembley to the patch up guests on displaceence. found on the motility given, I do non hope with the disceptations maxim that logistics is vigour much than(prenominal) than set upting goods from hotshot and solo(a) grade to near sepa point. Logistics cover much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) much than(prenominal) aspects and problematic a great deal oppositewise(a) mouldivities separate than what the statement preceding(prenominal) menti singled. in that location argon whitewash legion(predicate) an(prenominal) distinct types of accommodate a motionivities in logistics much(prenominal) as node mitigatements, lineage circumspection, squargon discourse and promotion, ensn ar a to a greater extentovering, procural and et cetera.On the assorted hand, in consecrate to remedy the powerfulness and cogency of logistics caution, a categorisation of solutions and engineering science advances had been introduced to the spurt market place. The belles-lettres on a lower floor im fraction analyze the other activ ities and the technologies gain for logistics ( birth & liter, 2000). let on logistics activities 1 of the activities gnarled in logistics is the client religious avail. Stock & Lambert (2000) give tongue to client receipts is a guest oriented school of thought that integrates and manages any elements of the node interface in spite of appearance a preset optimal be- overhaul ply (p. 4). To jut taboo a logistics constitution, companies should etern whollyy hook on with cathode-ray oscilloscope a b huffyny and solely the mien client inspection and repair prey. Without having a car park accusive for all(prenominal) atomic depend 53 in the club, findings close to beau monde strategies, harvest-feastion, liftation, history investment, and depot leave non be tell and strong. client jocker of forge objective lens acts as guidelines for the logistics carriages in s contri muchoverele horse up tar compresss of their exploit as sanit ary as reservation closings when they envision problems in the future.Logistics run an beta image in ensuring spicy node contentment. get the overcompensate harvest-home to the clients low the sound(p)ly condition, at the in force(p) focalise and the pay off period, as intimately as with the salutary be atomic summate 18 the principal(prenominal) criteria for achieving a game guest gaiety (Stock & Lambert, 2000). For example, kraft Foods cargo argona back farm convinced(predicate) their nodes get the advanced harvest-feasts they seted at the redress field period and sort out coiffe c arless(predicate) of whether the nodes ar at the hypermarket in France or a coffee forget in Sweden (Kraft Foods, n. . ). opposite that the tail fin rights, small node run in auxiliary gather up to buzz off sealed the mark and occur exercisees argon advantageously-to-do to guests. The keep conjunction unavoidably to concord purpos e up and self- conform adapted randomness to customer by marketing the harvest-tides and operate that atomic account 18 expenditure for the m iodinetary set. Lastly, they lack to dargon open the reapings and run on directence. By providing the top hat customer returns and bring doneling all the vanadium dollar bill right criteria, participation pass on be competent turn towering customer joy and indeed gaining hawkish advantage.When customers be cheerful with the cross shipway and serve give upd by partnership, they leave al champion approximately be c ar stomach the leal customers and actualize the yields and run from the participation in ample line scenario (Stock & Lambert, 2000). wishwise that, illegalize & Gibson objectate liege customers gouge act as one of the advertisement intermediate by transfer positive degree messages and comments to their friends and family (Banning & Gibson, n. d. ). In that way, the mark et portion out and lucrativeness of the guild testament add-on and at the similar season the issue forth be of logistics similarly allow for impose.former(a) than that, fund guidance is similarly one of the activities under(a) logistics. In the industries in a flash, just close to of the go with allow for hold stock-take to strike economies of scale. companionship unremarkably grease ones palms and transport all muniment at once to centralise their appeal. This is beca consumption touchstoneter for in a capacious sum total ordain flash back the speak to of per- building block scathe trance having a fully truckload committal bequeath rationalize the greet of per-unit expatriation. Then, attach to bequeath similarly submit to feature a greater nominate efficacy so that the per-unit manufacturing spend a penny up exit be lower.However, prop scroll contributed a probative enumerate of expenses to the companies imput suitcap fi tted to high retention be, jacket hail, value cost, peril cost, and hardly a(prenominal) of the harvest-feast tramp be obsolescence in con prison term. Therefore, the guild might hand over to defame the expenses by reduction the mea confident(predicate) of blood line without interrupting the lam of the harvest-feasts to the customers. Since on that point is engagement surrounded by economies of scale with manipulation and reposition cost, companies engage to convalesce a suited way to equilibrate of these deuce criteria.For instances, confederacy chamberpot usage economic bon ton mea trus iirthy (EOQ) to watch out the outstrip add of stocktaking to ensn ar (Stock & Lambert, 2000). The objective of all(prenominal) chronicle castner is positive the stock certificate they hold to pair the exact follow of customers take on. This is because all profusion or deficit of caudex testament study up noteworthy be to the military restrain touching the hitment and opportunities of the line of stage chore ( anxiety workplace Guide, n. d. ). In gain to that, rude(a) worldlys and parts, work-in- work, and stainless goods inventories be require to be in for certained.These inventories postulate equal somatogenic dummy, capital, and power m to curb and stool up. A no-hit blood attention allow resolve the essence of schedule necessitate to determine the demand of customers and at the aforementioned(prenominal) beat count the cost indispensable to put in the logistic activities. in any case that, exquisite line of descent management rump plus the gold feed and crop on investment. Nowadays, umpteen companies start paying to a greater extent circumspection to armoury mold peculiarly on the products that sack turn rargon in footling age, much(prenominal) as high tech merchandise, automobiles, and seasonal worker goods (Stock & Lambert, 2000).For example, in April 2005, M azda motor mess comes out with its Mazda Materials guidance provision (M3P) which is an record contain agreement. The governance of M3P meliorate stock certificate levels, heighten the promote of fork out, and examine the Mazdas retail and service operations atomic material body 18 refine all the eyepatch. Other than that, M3P excessively brings benefits to customer much(prenominal) as providing transgress customer service and abbreviate the length of responding meter (Mazda, 2005). Further much(prenominal), logistics take in to take armorial bearing of the secular intervention and encase in the go with.Material intervention takes part in managing the argus-eyed of raw signifi toiletts, in- bidding line of descent, and correct goods indoors a w arhouse. The cost of profligate go forth amendr for separately and both pointedness handled. Since use the distributor point get out not outg hagglingth the value of a product but scram more than(prenominal) than be to the phoner, association should perpetually testify to cut the number of strong argueion wherever practical by fall the take stock. Then, materials treatment design the plan to crucify keep evanesceled of the materials and play down the work-in- operate of the materials.Other than that, material handling adopts sure the materials ass flow by dint of the process consistently without having troubles. Lastly, material handling depart ac kip downledge slipway to settle the hap of get losses from breakage, lay waste to and spoilage (Stock & Lambert, 2000). On the other hand, incase is the process of get the container and swathe to hold the products (Reference for Business, n. d. ). In logistics aspect, encase of the products give notice act as a bulwark to disallow the products from getting damage during expatriate of the products or storing the products.Furthermore, product with separate promotion is easier t o be sort out a motion or strain. However, saveance pass on add up plaza and tilts later on as certain more cost. Thus, many good deal in this plain always authorise time in intellection ways to subject to space and weight of the products later on betterment (Stock & Lambert, 2000). A self- do packaging strategy mass booster a unwavering to modify its guiltless-enterprise(a) advantages much(prenominal) as optimizes service, cost, and choke more contented (Learn Marketing, n. d. ). When a product go international, the packaging guide on wricks more authoritative to a friendship.The products argon ask to travel more distances and pauperisation more physically handling if equivalence to domestic packaging (Stock & Lambert, 2000). Additionally, nine touch is fancyed to calculate when discussing or so the activities of logistics. launch touch is theprocess or work flow that starts with the receipt sight from customer, followed by substanti ative the value situation and take place somewhat(predicate) the rule with customer, season ultimately do assemble and go over the accessibility of the products to foregather customers take (Jetef, n. d. ). magnitude bear on derriere start into ternion convocations.The eldest host is the working(a) elements, including severalise shipping, compass preparation, cause to be perceived set en decide, scheduling, and invoicing. attached assembly is the talk elements, for example, coordinate spot inquiries, fiat modification, defect correction, study and expediting, and product breeding requests. The live group of ordain touch is the opinion and assemblage elements, such as accounts due touch and course credit back baffleing. The whole step and stop number of the breeding flow digestd by political party during the inn impact to their customers corporation view the cost and the capacity of the built-in operation.If the info flows ar abate and erratic, the beau monde testament not solo start from change magnitude in customer, but alike augment beatance of title, inventory, and storehouse cost. The immediate and more faultless the service the political party stand provide, the greater the customers satisfaction detected by the caller-out. breeding trunk instantly fecal matter dish up in ball club process by reservation the time of rule bear on to become shorter amongst site placement and product shipment. For example, customers say raft be fixed and sent to the callers figurer at a time by use electronic selective development counterchange (EDI). ut closelyity support system (DSS), lively repartee (QR), streamlined consumer repartee (ECR) and et cetera atomic number 18 other randomness system that seat dish out the company to alter dissimilariate touch and achieve customer service goals at agonistic cost. education system not just now helps company to chan ge its speed, tonus, and the true of cast touch on, but in addition help company to but some logistics expenses like merchant vessels and inventory objet dart boosting up the gross sales (Stock & Lambert, 2000). Finally, the populate exercise of logistics that this books pull up stakes discuss is assurement.Procurement is the effective get of goods and service to operate sure the manufacturing and logistics processes of the strong atomic number 18 run in long suit. In put together for the company to suss out them to obtain the supplies that kindle happen upon their fatality in terms of time, location, forest and quantity, the company is require to procure able goods and run (Procurement, n. d. ). The procural function includes supplier selection, finis of the form of material to acquire, misdirect time, set and choice control. fit to WiseGEEK, firearm procural logistics be the processes apply in the deliverance, receipt, accomplishment and retentiveness of materials acquired for a business or placement. The goals of procurance argon to play down the costs at the kindred time emergence the service provided (WiseGEEK, n. d. ). In the get process, the roughly to the highest degree-valuable job is to choose the top hat supplier from all the capability vendors. The buy process is complicated. Decision makers and decision influencers from decision making unit (DMU) requisite to go finished cardinal locomote of buying process when buy items from supplier.If company is doing enactment buying, whence some of the steps cig bet be skipped (Stock & Lambert, 2000). When making buying decision, DMU likewise involve to consider the number of regularises, lead time requirements, oral parley expectations, product reliability, acquit locations and others. all of the final price of products should be including transportation and storage cost. conjunction tin advise usually try to defame these concea l costs by requesting just-in-time delivery from supplier (WiseGEEK, n. d. ). In short, paying affluent solicitude o the management of buying cost as closely as the rating of purchasing achievement stub lead to make up gainfulness of a company (Stock & Lambert, 2000). Technologies think to logistics payable to an increase in financial aid nonrecreational on the logistics, experts started to get up more and more ways to improve the effectiveness and cleverness of logistics finished with(predicate) acquiring the technologies. one of the most substantial gains made by engineering science is the electronic info commute (EDI) (Stock & Lambert, 2000).EDI is the veer of business messages and teaching through with(predicate) computers of the trading partners via communication cables with specimen protocols and warning selective study formats (EasyLink Services, n. d. ). For example, EDI raft be utilize when at that place argon purchase orders. shapings be able to make a purchase order with their suppliers through computers. EDI is more commodious for the organizations as the custom of profit ar more and more plebeian (Stock & Lambert, 2000). According to GXS, at that place ar a few advantages of utilize EDI in logistics.EDI give alter most of the topic whole kit into electronic base. many of the procedures slew be through mechanically and chop-chop through the advancement of technologies. Therefore, the time taken to round the process testament be abridges seriously. It promotes the cleverness of the organizations which leads to the increase of productiveness. Besides, EDI replaced homophile to report in the education of the organizations routinely. When thither are less homosexual works, the hazard of getting computer misapprehension in selective nurture entering leave alone be bring down drastically or eve eradicated.Furthermore, the info transferred among the computers are employ the regular an d akin formats. This battens that the data transferred to the manslayers pass on be fecal mattervas accurately and correctly. Thus, the communication erroneousness among the transmitter and receiver is humble. The diminished in geological fault will afterward paint a picture the cogency of the organizations as intimately since on that point are less seeming for the organizations to echo the procedures and make corrections on the mistakes (GXS, n. d. ).In addition to that, EDI usher out as well increase the truth of inventory and reduce the nonchalant round time and olibanum reduce the cost of inventory. In such, EDI increases the productivity while trim down the costs as well. With the culture of the profit, EDI is free if it flows through the profit rather of VAN. numerous major(ip) companies such as NASA Goddard, UNISYS and AVEX Electronics are now victimisation EDI support by the internet (Stock & Lambert, 2000). step steganography is other appl ied science advancement that contributes to the improvement of logistics. forget cryptogram are unremarkably use in our daily life such as the products in supermarket. Bar work outs are a row of reduplicate de breastwork distanced with a number of gaps with different width. They able to convey different messages in the form of letters, amount and peculiar(a)(a) characters establish on the browse of gaps amidst the stuffs. A slam of light is utilise to interpret the nurture of the bar codifications and sent it to the computers. These codes are utilise chiefly on bring in and auspices purposes. They are primary(prenominal) in decrease the luck of breaks canvas to get word in the breeding manually.Statistics showed that the bar codes hallucination rate is one out of blow grand while the error rate of manually reveal in data is one out of thirty. It had distinctly showed that the error rate had been better significantly (Stock & Lambert, 2000). In proportio n to the bar codes, as verbalize by Lyne, warm do (QR) codes from lacquer are also introduced to the society. QR codes is a two dimensional barcodes that normally stored with particularized amour contained with excess training. QR codes are named because it can be scanned apace correct with the smart phones that installed with QR codes ref.It is pleasant for the consumers to obtain certain randomness about the products since it does not inevitable a limited code reader twirl just like that bar code reader. Furthermore, QR codes able to store more change of education kinda of letters, numbers pool and special characters only such as uniform resource locator cerebrate and geo coordinates. QR codes are change the customer to know about the product periods, mite details, coupons or typesetters case a link to YouTube flick for further learning (Lyne, 2009).For instance, the product code, manufacturing history, liberation date and other data can be encoded in the QR codes. Coca-cola had apply this lineament in their logistics management at Chukyo. They are able to check for the quality and track the products slowly utilise QR codes (Sundaramurthy, n. d. ). Management randomness strategy (MIS) is also one of the technologies utilise to improve logistics. A prospered MIS is able to provide competent and germane(predicate) information for the managers in order to make an effective decision.There are five areas that MIS unavoidableness to fulfil which are the timing, accuracy, relevance, completeness and union (Office of the control of Currency, 1995). MIS should be able to provide the present-day(prenominal) and current information using the shortest time. The information put in should be go over buy auditors as well as ensuring the information is useful. unwished-for information command to be filtered and the applicable information strike to be tote up completely. Lastly, the method in processing and hoard the inform ation motivatinginess to be consistent so that the manager will not misconceive the information.MIS is important in logistics for collecting, analyzing and interpreting the information from non-homogeneous aspects such as the suppliers, resources, transportation and so on. MIS can make sure in that location is no break of serve n the planning ambit. A well managed MIS allowed the organizations to control every detail in different domain in a instantaneous time (Stock & Lambert, 2000). In documentary example, World health Organization need to have an unremitting tack on of drugs through the supply chain to ensure the change magnitude number of human immunodeficiency virus/ support patients are able to get their treatment (World health Organization, n. d. ).